每一个你不满意的现在,都有一个你不努力的曾经。

MySQL 的四种事务隔离级别


一、事务的基本要素(ACID)

  1. 原子性(atomicity):事务开始后所有操作,要么全部做完,要么全部不做,不可能停滞在中间环节。 事务执行过程中出错,会回滚到事务开始前的状态,所有的操作就像没有发生一样。也就是说事务是一个不可分割的整体,就像化学中学过的原子,是物质构成的基本单位。

  2. 一致性(Consistency):事务开始前和结束后,数据库的完整性约束没有被破坏。比如A向B转账,不可能A扣了钱,B却没收到。

  3. 隔离性(Isolation):同一时间,只允许一个事务请求同一数据,不同的事务之间彼此没有任何干扰。比如A正在从一张银行卡中取钱,在A取钱的过程结束前,B不能向这张卡转账。

  4. 持久性(Durability):事务完成后,事务对数据库的所有更新将被保存到数据库,不能回滚

二、事务的并发问题

1.脏读:事务A读取了事务B更新的数据,然后B回滚操作,那么A读取到的数据就是脏数据

  1. 不可重复读:事务A多次读取同一数据,事务B在事务A多次读取的过程中,对数据作了更新并提交,导致事务A多次读取同一数据时,结果不一致。

  2. 幻读:系统管理员A将数据库中所有学生的成绩从具体分数改为ABCDE等级,但是系统管理员B就在这个时候插入了一条具体分数的记录,当系统管理员A改结束后发现还有一条记录没有改过来,就好像发生了幻觉一样,这就叫幻读。

  3. 小结:不可重复读和幻读很容易混淆,不可重复读侧重于修改,幻读侧重于新增或删除。解决不可重复读的问题只需锁住满足条件的行,解决幻读需要锁表

三、MySQL事务隔离级别

事务隔离级别 脏读 不可重复读 幻读

读未提交(read-uncommitted) 是 是 是

不可重复读(read-committed) 否 是 是

可重复读(repeatable-read) 否 否 是

串行化(serializable) 否 否 否

MySQL默认的事务隔离级别为repeatable-read

mysql> select @@tx_isolation;
+-----------------+
| @@tx_isolation |
+-----------------+
| REPEATABLE-READ |
+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

四、用例子说明各个隔离级别的情况

1、读未提交 (1)打开一个客户端A,并设置当前事务模式为read uncommitted(读未提交),查询表account的初始值:

mysql> set session transaction isolation level read uncommitted;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 450 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(2)在客户端A的事务提交之前,打开另一个客户端B,更新表account

mysql> set session transaction isolation level read uncommitted;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> update account set balance = balance - 50 where id = 1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 400 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(3)这时,虽然客户端B的事务还没提交,但是客户端A就可以查询到B已经更新的数据:

mysql> set session transaction isolation level read uncommitted;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 450 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 400 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(4)一旦客户端B的事务因为某种原因回滚,所有的操作都将会被撤销,那客户端A查询到的数据其实就是脏数据:

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 400 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> rollback;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 450 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(5)在客户端A执行更新语句update account set balance = balance – 50 where id = 1,zhangsan的balance没有变成350,居然是400,是不是很奇怪,数据不一致啊,如果你这么想就太天真了,在应用程序中,我们会用400-50=350,并不知道其他会话回滚了,要想解决这个问题可以采用读已提交的隔离级别

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 400 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> update account set balance = balance - 50 where id = 1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 400 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2、读已提交 (1)打开一个客户端A,并设置当前事务模式为read committed(未提交读),查询表account的所有记录:

mysql> set session transaction isolation level read committed;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 450 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(2)在客户端A的事务提交之前,打开另一个客户端B,更新表account

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 450 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> update account set balance = balance - 50 where id = 1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 400 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(3)这时,客户端B的事务还没提交,客户端A不能查询到B已经更新的数据,解决了脏读问题:

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 450 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(4)客户端B的事务提交

mysql> update account set balance = balance - 50 where id = 1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 400 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> commit;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

(5)客户端A执行与上一步相同的查询,结果与上一步不一致,即产生了不可重复读的问题

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 450 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 400 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3、可重复读 (1)打开一个客户端A,并设置当前事务模式为repeatable read,查询表account的所有记录

mysql> set session transaction isolation level repeatable read;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 400 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(2)在客户端A的事务提交之前,打开另一个客户端B,更新表account并提交

mysql> set session transaction isolation level repeatable read;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> update account set balance = balance - 50 where id = 1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 350 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> commit;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

(3)在客户端A查询表account的所有记录,与步骤(1)查询结果一直,没有出现不可重复读的问题

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 400 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 400 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(4)在客户端A,接着执行update balance = balance – 50 where id = 1,balance没有变成400-50=350,zhangsan的balance值用的是步骤(2)中的350来算的,所以是300,数据的一致性倒是没有被破坏。可重复读的隔离级别下使用了MVCC机制,select操作不会更新版本号,是快照读(历史版本);insert、updatedelete会更新版本号,是当前读(当前版本)。

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 400 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> update account set balance = balance - 50 where id = 1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 300 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(5)重新打开客户端B,插入一条新数据后提交

mysql> insert into account values(4,'xidada',700);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 300 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
| 4 | xidada | 700 |
+----+----------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> commit;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

(6)在客户端A查询表account的所有记录,没有查询新增数据,所以没有出现幻读

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 300 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 300 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
+----+----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4、串行化 (1)打开一个客户端A,并设置当前事务模式为serializable,查询表account的初始值:

mysql> set session transaction isolation level serializable;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from account;
+----+----------+---------+
| id | name | balance |
+----+----------+---------+
| 1 | zhangsan | 300 |
| 2 | lisi | 16000 |
| 3 | wangmazi | 2400 |
| 4 | xidada | 700 |
+----+----------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(2)打开一个客户端B,并设置当前事务模式为serializable,插入一条记录会等待上一个事务执行完成。mysql中事务隔离级别为serializable时会锁表,因此不会出现幻读的情况,这种隔离基表并发性极低,开发中很少会用到。

mysql> set session transaction isolation level serializable;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> start transaction;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into account values(5,'tom',100);

补充:

  1. 事务隔离级别为读未提交时,写数据只会锁住相应的行

  2. 事务隔离级别为可重复读时,如果检索条件又索引(包括主键索引)的时候,默认加锁方式是next-key锁;如果检索条件没有索引,更新数据时会锁住整张表。一个间隙所被事务加了锁,其它事务是不能在这个间隙插入记录的,这样可以防止幻读。

  3. 事务隔离级别为串行化时,读写数据都会锁住整张表

  4. 隔离级别越高,越能保证数据的完整性和一致性,但是对并发性能的影响也越大。

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每一个你不满意的现在,都有一个你不努力的曾经。